POTS Overview | Teleinf Edu
The classic telephone line, its parameters, and the signaling process for analog calls.
2 min
Wired Networks
Copper and fiber transmission, measurements, and physical-layer diagnostics.
Articles: 65
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Subscriber Line Interfaces | Teleinf Edu
Interfaces and functions at the exchange (SLIC) and customer premises.
2 min
Analog Signaling | Teleinf Edu
On-hook, off-hook, dial tone, and ringing signals in POTS.
2 min
Line Characteristics | Teleinf Edu
Electrical properties of the copper pair: resistance, capacitance, and impedance.
2 min
DSL Overview | Teleinf Edu
Introduction to Digital Subscriber Line technology and its variants.
2 min
DSL Architecture | Teleinf Edu
Components of a DSL network: DSLAM, splitters, and customer premises equipment (CPE).
2 min
ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) | Teleinf Edu
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: principles, frequency bands, and performance.
2 min
ADSL2/2+ | Teleinf Edu
Improvements in ADSL2 and ADSL2+ for higher bit rates and longer reach.
2 min
VDSL/VDSL2 | Teleinf Edu
Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line for faster speeds over shorter distances.
2 min
SDSL & HDSL | Teleinf Edu
Symmetric and High-bit-rate DSL variants for business applications.
2 min
Coaxial Cable | Teleinf Edu
Construction, parameters (impedance, attenuation), and applications of coaxial lines.
4 min
RF Connectors | Teleinf Edu
Overview of common coaxial connectors: N, BNC, TNC, SMA, SMB, F-type and more.
4 min
Twisted-Pair Cable | Teleinf Edu
Types (UTP, STP, FTP), categories (Cat5e, Cat6), and connection standards (T568A/B).
4 min
Power over Ethernet (PoE) | Teleinf Edu
Technology for delivering power and data over a single Ethernet cable.
4 min
Structured Cabling | Teleinf Edu
Design principles for building telecommunications cabling infrastructure (horizontal, backbone, distribution points).
4 min
Conduits and Manholes | Teleinf Edu
The physical infrastructure for protecting and accessing underground cables.
4 min
Subscriber Line Measurements | Teleinf Edu
Techniques for testing the electrical parameters of copper lines: resistance, capacitance, attenuation, and more.
4 min
Fault Localization | Teleinf Edu
Using Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and Optical TDR (OTDR) to find breaks and shorts in cables.
4 min
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH/SONET) | Teleinf Edu
The synchronous evolution of PDH, with standardized frames and easier multiplexing.
2 min
Synchronization in SDH/SONET | Teleinf Edu
The master-slave clocking hierarchy (PRC, SSU, SEC), pointers, and dealing with jitter/wander.
2 min
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) | Teleinf Edu
The classic, nearly synchronous hierarchy for multiplexing voice channels (T1/E1).
4 min
PDH Regional Standards (E1/T1/J1) | Teleinf Edu
Comparison of European, North American, and Japanese base hierarchies.
4 min
PCM-24 (T1) vs PCM-30/32 (E1) | Teleinf Edu
Side-by-side comparison of frame length, channels, signaling, quantization.
4 min
E1 Frame Structure | Teleinf Edu
Detailed 32-timeslot frame composition, TS0 and TS16 purposes.
4 min
E1 Timeslots and Channels | Teleinf Edu
Mapping of 30 voice channels plus signaling and alignment slots.
4 min
MF16 Multiframe | Teleinf Edu
How 16 frames extend signaling capacity (CAS) and carry CRC-4.
4 min
CAS Signaling in PDH | Teleinf Edu
Channel Associated Signaling distribution across multiframe.
4 min
CRC-4 and Alignment | Teleinf Edu
Error detection and frame/multiframe alignment patterns in E1.
4 min
Higher Order PDH Levels | Teleinf Edu
Construction of E2 (8 Mbit/s), E3 (34 Mbit/s), E4 (140 Mbit/s).
4 min
Bit Justification Mechanism | Teleinf Edu
Why and how stuffing bits resolve plesiochronous rate differences.
4 min
E2 Frame Overview | Teleinf Edu
Structure and overhead for aggregating four E1 streams.
4 min
E3 Frame Structure | Teleinf Edu
1536-bit frame blocks, FAS, justification control bits.
4 min
E4 Frame Structure | Teleinf Edu
2928-bit frame with six blocks and multiple justification opportunities.
4 min
PDH Branching Problem | Teleinf Edu
Why accessing a single 64 kbit/s channel requires full demultiplexing.
4 min
Synchronization Issues in PDH | Teleinf Edu
Impact of independent clocks and accumulation of slips across levels.
4 min
Limitations of PDH | Teleinf Edu
Key weaknesses: lack of global standard, complex access, limited management.
4 min
Advantages of SDH over PDH | Teleinf Edu
Simplified multiplexing, management, scalability, multi-vendor interoperability.
2 min
SDH vs SONET | Teleinf Edu
Relationship, naming differences (STM-1 vs OC-3), and interoperability layers.
2 min
SDH STM-1 Frame | Teleinf Edu
Structure of the 9x270 byte frame, section vs path overhead.
2 min
SDH Overhead Bytes | Teleinf Edu
Regenerator, Multiplexer Section, and Path Overhead functions.
2 min
SDH Multiplexing Hierarchy | Teleinf Edu
From STM-1 upward: STM-4/16/64 and mapping logical containers.
2 min
Higher Order STM Levels | Teleinf Edu
Scaling beyond STM-1: STM-4/16/64/256 rates and aggregate capacities.
2 min
SDH Containers (C-n) | Teleinf Edu
Payload containers C-11/C-12/C-2/C-3/C-4 and their relationship to service signals.
2 min
Virtual Containers (VC) | Teleinf Edu
VC-11/12/3/4 roles and TU/AU adaptation for payload flexibility.
2 min
Mapping PDH in SDH | Teleinf Edu
Encapsulation of E1/T1 in VC.
2 min
Tributary Units (TU) | Teleinf Edu
TU-11 / TU-12 / TU-2 / TU-3 structure and pointer-based alignment.
2 min
Administrative Units (AU) | Teleinf Edu
AU-3 vs AU-4 and their role in mapping VCs into STM payload.
2 min
AU/TU Adaptation Structure | Teleinf Edu
How administrative and tributary units combine with pointers for flexible multiplexing.
2 min
Pointer Mechanism | Teleinf Edu
How pointers enable dynamic alignment without full demultiplexing.
2 min
SDH Network Equipment | Teleinf Edu
Roles of Terminal Multiplexers, Add-Drop Multiplexers, and Cross-Connects.
2 min
SDH Ring Topologies | Teleinf Edu
Two/four-fiber rings, resilience mechanisms, switching times.
2 min
SDH Protection Schemes | Teleinf Edu
1+1, MSP, SNCP, and ring-based protection approaches.
2 min
SDH Management & OAM | Teleinf Edu
DCC channels, performance bytes, remote error indication.
2 min
SDH Performance Monitoring | Teleinf Edu
Error counters (B1/B2/B3), thresholds, and maintenance signals.
2 min
WDM Components | Teleinf Edu
Key elements like multiplexers, demultiplexers, optical filters, and Bragg gratings.
2 min
Optical Network Nodes (OADM, OXC) | Teleinf Edu
The building blocks of WDM networks: add/drop multiplexers and cross-connects.
2 min
Optical Switching Technologies | Teleinf Edu
How OXCs work inside: MEMS, thermo-optic, bubble, and holographic switches.
2 min
Routing and Spectrum Assignment (RSA) | Teleinf Edu
The core optimization problem in EON and its mathematical formulation (ILP).
2 min
Introduction to Elastic Optical Networks | Teleinf Edu
Overview of EON concepts, motivation, and key advantages over fixed-grid WDM.
2 min
Flexible Grid Technology | Teleinf Edu
Understanding the flexible frequency grid foundation of EON networks.
2 min
Bandwidth Variable Transponders (BVT) | Teleinf Edu
The key hardware enabling adaptive bandwidth allocation in EON.
2 min
EON Network Architecture | Teleinf Edu
Structure and components of elastic optical network architectures.
2 min
Spectrum Assignment in EON | Teleinf Edu
Methods and algorithms for efficient spectrum allocation in elastic networks.
2 min
EON vs Fixed Grid Comparison | Teleinf Edu
Detailed comparison between elastic and traditional fixed-grid WDM networks.
2 min
Network Protection Schemes | Teleinf Edu
Ensuring reliability in networks: 1+1, 1:1, 1:N protection, and ring topologies.
2 min